Monday, 26 October 2015
Topic: Robinsn crusoe's journey
Saturday, 24 October 2015
My Presentations
paper-1 The Renaissance literature
Topic-Sweetest Love.
Topic-Sweetest Love.
Renaissance literature paper 1 from valaasha10
To evaluate my presentation click here
Paper 2 The Neo-classical Literature
Topic-Robinson Crusoe's journey.
To evaluate my presentation click here
Paper 2 The Neo-classical Literature
Topic-Robinson Crusoe's journey.
The neo classical literaturepaper -2 from valaasha10
To evaluate my presentation click here
paper-3 Literary theory & Criticism.
Topic-Difference between poem and poetrty.
To evaluate my presentation click here
paper-3 Literary theory & Criticism.
Topic-Difference between poem and poetrty.
Literary theory & criticism. from valaasha10
To evaluate my presentation click here
Paper-4 Indian writing in English.
Topic-Ghadhian thoughts in kanthapura.
To evaluate my presentation click here
Paper-4 Indian writing in English.
Topic-Ghadhian thoughts in kanthapura.
Friday, 23 October 2015
Raja Rao narrative style in Kanthapura.
Name: Vala Asha Tidabhai
Semester:1
Roll no: 41
Work: Assignment
Topic:-Raja Rao narrative style in Kanthapura.
Paper: 3 (Indian writing in English)
Email.id: valaasha10@gmail.com
Date: 14/10/2015
Submitted By: Smt. S. B. Gardi,
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
Department of English
1)
Raja Rao’s narrative style in kanthapura.
Introduction of the writer:-
Raja rao was born on November 8, 1908
in Hassan, in the state of Mysore in south India, into a well-know Brahman
family. His native language was Kanarese, but his post- graduation study was in
France, and all his publications in book form were in English. He lived in
France from 1908 to 1939, and returned to India in 1940, after the Second
World War. Kanthapura was his first novel in English. His other novels are
“The
cow of the barricades, Great Indian way: a life of Mahatma Gandhi, a passage to
Indian, the serpent and the rope, cat and Shakespeare, The chess master and his
moves.”
Narrative style of Raja Rao in ‘Kanthapura:’-
The
success of any literary artist lies not only in his ideas but also in his
expression. The style reveals the nature and the intention of the writer. It is
rightly said that ‘style is man’ means man is recognizes by his style. In
literature by reading the text of any writer we can assume his character and
his intellectual power. Style differs from person to person. So it’s necessary
to notice and analyze the literary technique used by writer.
His style of narration is paranoiac.
Raja Rao follows the oral tradition
story telling without any break.
The novel starts like this; our
village- I don’t think you have ever heard about it- Kanthapura its name and it
is in the provenance of Kara……
Novel written in three stands.
1)Political
background,
2) Religious
background,
3)Social
background.
Novel has multiple structures also here four focus quarters
Brahmin,
Pariah,
Potter,
Sudra.
Raja
Rao focus on
small things things here in this novel he is taking about transformation.
The
people here were mostly poor, illiterate and backward. People were extremely
religious minded.
In
kanthapura Rao has translated the native similes, metaphors, idioms, and
phrases that are used in a vernacular language.
Juxstapositionand
in dreams and reality.
Old puranic
style:-
Raja
Rao used the ancient Purana method of storytelling rather than follows the
western style, according to him Purana method of storytelling is natural and
true to nature the atmosphere of India, which gives it Indian mess to the
novel. Kanthapura is third person narrative novel. Kanthapura is narrated by
old woman Achkka. As Rao has told in his preface the story is told in oral
tradition of storytelling without any break. He says in preface to Kanthapura
“We , in India think quickly , we talk quickly , and when we
move, we move quickly, we have neither punctuation nor the treacherous ‘arts’
and ‘ones’….Episodes follows episodes, and when our thought stop, our breath
stops, and we move on to another thought.”
Western style
method of chapter division is not followed and it is one continues tale. The
long sentence shows flows flow of thought. This technique is used here in the
present novel. In this novel the narrator talks to the reader for example in
the very opening of Kanthapura Achakka says following lines.
“Our village-I don’t have ever heard about it Kanthapura is
its name and it is the province of Kara. High Ghats, is it, high up the steep
mountains, that face the cool Arabian seas, up the Malabar coast is it, up Bangalore and putter coast is it and many a center of cardamom and coffee, rise
and sugarcane, Roads, narrow rut covered roads, wind through the forest forest
of teak and jack of sandal and Sal, and hanging over bellowing gorges and
leaping over elephant haunted valleys, they turn now to the left and now to the
right and bring you through the flambe, champ and mins and kola passes in to
the great granaries of trade. There, on the blue waters they say our carted our
cardamom and coffee tag in to the ship, the red men bring, and, so they say,
they go across the seven oceans in to the countries where our rulers live.”
In many of his stories also
this method is used. This narrative method helps him to go in friendly
conversational style and also to present freely the reflection of the narrator.
This narrative method has
given the writer ample opportunity for portraying character by representing
various moods, and conflict, and spiritual, inward of the character. This
appropriateness of style one can notice in Raja rao. Even in Indianian English
he brings out the difference in the language used by educated, uneducated,
young and old. In the Kanthapura achakka used such a language that is typical
of an old woman. She expresses her
feelings without any inhibition;
“If rain comes not, you fall at her feet and say Kanchmma,
goddess, you are not kind to us. Our fields are full of youngsters and you have
given us no water, Tell us Kanchmma why do you seek to make our stomachs burn.”
In the same novel he
distinguishes the style of harikatha man and worthy and many others from that
of Achakka. Worthy’s conversation would be good illustration. While explaining
to nanjamma about the advantage of spinning he says;
“In is yours sister, and every month, I shall come to you how
many yard you have `spun. And every month I shall gather your yarn send it to
city. And city people reduce you for the cotton charges and for rest, you have
your cloth.”
In the
Indian sociology-cultural context as in many others, the speaker normally addresses
the listener as brother, mother, and sister or with some other term in social
discourse. In many of the words languages including Indian languages.
“uncle, aunt, older brother, old
sister etc. are appropriate terms of address in ordinary circumstances for
familiar person as well as strangers older than one self.”
In
Raja Rao especially in Kanthapura, the narrative is straight forward, and he
uses flashback technique. Achakka tells the story to her grand-children, of her
past in what kind of situation she passes through. She told story in different
manner, sometimes while telling story she forgets the name of mythical
characters, and confused between Shiva and Brahma, a Vishnu. She sometimes
forget the story and then come back in present, and when she remembers she went
back to past. The thing which we should note that she tell her children the of
Ram, of Shiva, of Vishnu, of Krishna. And then come back to the present time
she compares the mythical character with present time of India in which she
lives.
In
political stand point Rao presented the prevailing condition, especially the
Gandhi a dies-obedient movement. The village ruled by them, they get better
scope to get good place in the village.
Religious
background:-
The
village has a people who have strong rigid and orthodox background of religion.
The Brahmin is upper cast of society. In the Kanthapura people are ignorant,
poor and superstitious, but they are also deeply religious. They were faith in
Goodness ‘Kenchamma.’ She is in the center of the village. Marriage, Sickness,
death, Plugging, harvesting, arrest, release all are watched by kenchamma. They
may be small pox or influence around but you make vow to the goodness, the next
morning, you walked and you find the fever has left you.
There is a also temple of Kanthapurishwari.
Kenchamma, kenchamma Goddess benign, and bounteous,
Mother of earth, blood of life, Harvest- queen-rain, Crowned,
Kenchamma, Kenchamma Goddess benign and bounteous…
If
we see the social background, we find that the condition of delist, pariahs,
and women is very poor in the village. They have very little space in the daily
life. There was a cast system of vivid communities. These delist, pariahs and
women are suppressed due to this cast system.
The cast system is divided in four parts as under.
1)
Brahmin,
2)
Pariah,
3)
Potter,
4)
Weaver.
Conclusion:-
The
novel starts with simple narration by an old woman about one of the village in
India, later it evolves to entire India. The narration starts as tale is told
to children by their grandmother as it is the Indian tradition. Raja Rao has
combined the myth for authentication of his work by putting myth in novel he
easily achieved his goal. Not only the use of myth makes it popular but, his
intellectual power, his imaginative power, his ability to use and utilize the
Indian they, and it’s his knowledge of Indian culture and people.
To evaluate my assignment topic click here
To evaluate my assignment topic click here
Preface to Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth
2015-2016
Name: Vala Asha
Tidabhai
Semester:1
Roll no: 41
Work: Assignment
Topic: Preface to
Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth
Paper: 3 ( Literary Theory and Criticism)
Email.id:
valaasha10@gmail.com
Date: 14/10/2015
Submitted By: Smt. S.
B. Gardi,
Maharaja
Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
Department of English
Preface to Lyrical
Ballads by William Wordsworth
Introduction:
Wordsworth
and Coleridge collaborated their works
in their only one little book. They would still be among the representative
writers of an age that proclaimed the final triumph of romanticism. 'Lyrical
Ballads of 1798' was famous book. in their partnership Coleridge was to take up
the supernatural, or at least romantic while Wordsworth was to give the charm of novelty to things of
every day.
His
Life:
Wordsworth
was Born at Cocker Mouth, a town which is actually outside the lake district,
but well within hail of it his father,
who was a lawyer, died when William was thirteen years old.
The
elder Wordsworth left very little money
and that was mainly. In the form of a claim on Lord Lonsdale. Who paid for
schooling at hawker shed he had to
depend on the generosity of two uncles.
he was a moody and violent temper. His mother despaired him alone among her
five children. Three things in his poem must impress even the casual reader.
1) Wordsworth loves to be alone, and is never lonely with
nature.
2) Like every other
child who spends much time alone in the woods and fields, he feels the presence
of some living spirit, real though unseen,
3) his impressions
are exactly like our own, and delightfully familiar.
He
died tranquilly in 1850 at the age of
eighty years and was buried in the churchyard at Grasmere. In the
"Advertisement" to the 1798 edition of Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth
and Coleridge state that the poems in the collection were intended as a
deliberate experiment in style and subject matter. Wordsworth elaborated on this idea in the "Preface" to the
1800 and 1802 edition which outline his main ideas of a new theory of poetry.
Wordsworth
explained his poetical concept:
"The majority of
the followings poems are to be
considered as
experiments. They were written
chiefly with a view
to ascertain how far the language
of conversation in
the middle and lower classes of
society is adopted to
the purpose of poetic pleasure."
In the
experiment with vernacular language was not enough of a departure from the
norm, the focus on simple, uneducated country people as the subject of poetry
was a signal of shift to modern
literature. One of the main themes of "Lyrical Ballads" is the return to the original state of
nature, in which man led a purer and
more innocent existence. Wordsworth subscribed
to Rousseau's belief that man was essentially good and was corrupted by
the influence of society. This may be linked with the sentiments spreading through
Europe just prior to the French Revolution.
Rejecting the classical notion that poetry should be
about elevated subjects and should be
composed in a formal style, Wordsworth instead championed more democratic
themes the lives of ordinary men and women, farmers, paupers, and the rural
poor. In the " preface"
Wordsworth also emphasized his commitment to writing in the ordinary language
of people, not a highly crafted poetical one. True to traditional Ballads form,
the poems depict realistic characters in realistic situations, and so contain a
strong narrative elements.
Wordsworth
and Coleridge were also interested in presenting the psychology of the various
characters in the lyrical ballads. The poems, in building sympathy for the
disenfranchised characters their describe, also implicitly criticize England's poor laws, which made it necessary for people to lose all
material possessions before that could received any kind of financial
assistance from the community.
Wordsworth
also discussed the role of poetry itself, which he viewed as an aid in keeping the individual s"sensitive"
in spite of the effects of growing alienation in the new industrial age. The
poet, as Wordsworth points out, is not a
distant observer or moralist, but rather production " a man speaking to
men", and production of poetry is
the result of "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,"
recollected in tranquility, not the sum
total of rhetorical art.
In this 'preface to the lyrical Ballads' Wordsworth presented his
poetic manifested, indicating the extent
to which he saw his poetry, and that of Coleridge, as breaking away from
the 'Artificiality', 'Triviality' or
over- elaborate and contrived quality of eighteenth century poetry. The
"preface" is itself a masterpiece
of English prose, exemplary in its lucid yet passionate defense of a literary style that
could be popular without compromising artistic and poetic standards yet it is also vital for
helping us to understand what Wordsworth and Coleridge were attempting in their
collection of verse, and also
provides us with a means of assessing how
successfully the poems themselves live up to the standards outlines in the
"preface".
The
"preface" covers a number of issues and is wide ranging in its survey
of the place of the lyrical Ballads on
the contemporary literary scene, The
topics covered include the following.
1) The
principal object of the poems :
Wordsworth,
in this extract, Places the Emphasis on the attempt to deal with natural (rather than cosmopolitan) man, arguing that such men live much closer to nature and, therefore, are closer
to the well - springs of human nature. Behind this we can see how much
Wordsworth owes to that eighteenth century. Preoccupation with "Natural
man" associated particularly with the writings of Rousseau. He sees his poetry, in its
concerns with the lives of men such as Michael, as an antidote to the artificial portraits of man
presented in eighteenth century poetry. The
argument is developed when he outlines his reasons for dealing with
"Humble and rustic life".
2)
For Wordsworth and Coleridge this choice of subject matter necessarily
involves a rethinking of the language of
poetry. Note, however, that Wordsworth admits to same license in "Tidying
up" the language of "ordinary men". Does this affect the
persuasiveness of his theories about "natural men"?.
3) This leads Wordsworth to an
attempt, to define poetry and its effects on the reader, Wordsworth's project
is an idealistic one, and clearly poetry for him, has a vital role in educating the mind and
sensibility of his reader, a moral purpose. This quotation illustrates how
important this benevolent effect is for the reader.
4)
Inevitably, perhaps, the above leads Wordsworth towards asking what is poet?.
His answer illustrates the underlying assumptions about the poet as genius, as
special person, capable of re- articulating thought and feeling so as to educated the reader.
He is a man speaking to men; a man it is true,
endowed with more lively sensibility, more enthusiasm and tenderness.
He
has a greater knowledge of human nature, and a more comprehensive soul, than
one supposed to be common among mankind.
He is a
man pleased with his own passions and volition and who rejoices more than
other man in the spirit of life that is in him,; delighting to contemplate similar volition and passions as manifested in the goings
on of the universe, and habitually compelled to create them where he
does not find them.
To
these qualities he has added a disposition to be affected more than other men
by absent things as if they were present. He has an ability of
conjuring up in himself passions, which are indeed far from being those produce by real events.
He can better remember the passions produced by real events which other men are
accustomed to feel in themselves.
Then,
from practice, he had acquired a greater readiness power in expressing what he thinks and feels,
and specially those thoughts and feeling which, by his own choice , or from the structure of his own mind, arise in
him without immediate external excitement.
The
Function of Poetry:
Poetry, According to
Wordsworth ' is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge, the impassioned
expression that is in the countenance of all science'. Poetry seeks to ennoble
and edify. It is like morning star which throws its radiance through the n
gloom and darkness of life. The poet is
a teacher and through the medium of poetry he imparts moral lessons for
the betterment of human life. Poetry is
the instrument for the propagation of moral thoughts. Wordsworth's poetry does not simply delight us, but it
also teacher us deep moral lessons and brings home to us deep philosophical
truth about life and religion.
Wordsworth believes that ' a poetry of revolt against moral ideas is a poetry of
revolt against life; a poetry of indifference towards moral ideas is a poetry of indifference towards
life.
Conclusion:
In
style Wordsworth presents a remarkable contrast for he ranges from the sublime
to the ridiculous. It is always to be
remembered that at his best Wordsworth can unite simplicity with sub limit.
As he does in the lyrics we have already
quoted . He has a kind of middle style as its best it has best, it has grace and dignity a heart searching
simplicity and a certain magical enlightenment of phrase that is all his own.
To evaluate my assignment click here
To evaluate my assignment click here
Robinson Crusoe as religious allegory.
Name: Vala Asha Tidabhai
Semester: 1
Roll no: 41
Work: Assignment
Topic:
1) Robinson Crusoe as religious allegory.
Paper: 2 (The Neo-classical
Literature )
Email.id: valaasha10@gmail.com
Date: 14/10/2015
Submitted By: Smt. S. B. Gardi,
Department of English.
1) Robinson Crusoe as religious allegory.
Introduction:-
Robinson Crusoe was
poet by Daniel Defoe.
In
1719 , Daniel
Defoe published the novel the novel the life and strange surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe of York ,mariner. Defoe’s
most famous and most successful work is regarded as the first realistic novel
of the world literature. Therefore Defoe
can be considered as the pioneer of the modern English novel. This view is justified
in the fact that Defoe uses a realistic way of narrating and turns away from
the tradition of the fantastic and romance-Like way which was predominant so
far. Besides he chooses a middle-class person to be the protagonist, a life
which the most part of his readers could identify with. Finally Defoe applies a
concrete determination of time and location in the novel which was unknown so
far as well. The story, a fictional autobiography, is told by the fictitious person
Robinson Crusoe who leaves his home to explore the world.
The most
important Allegory in Robinson Crusoe’s religious conversion while confined to
the deserted island. He admits to never having cared for religion before, but
in understanding that his continued survival could not be from anything other
than divine help, come to accept religion. The novel acts as an allegory for the repentance of man after sin,
especially. When brought to severe hardship; many people do not consider the
role of religion until they have reason to ask for help. In Crusoe’s ease, he
was part of a wealthy family until his shipwreck, after which he had nothing
but his own survival instinct; although he asks for both forgiveness and gives
thanks, he also continues to work, remembering the old axiom “God helps those
who help themselves.” In the same manner, people often ignore religion until
they find themselves without any other recourse, and then become devout.
The novel
is interpreted from different perspectives. Therefore it is regarded as an
adventurous travelogue, as an economic or as do- it-yourself-manual. The interpretation as an adventurous travelogue
examines for example the topic of a lonely person in an unfamiliar land who
develops different strategies to survive while the interpretation as an economic
parable would emphasis Robinson Crusoe’s
way of thinking rational and economical,
e.g. While equipping his cave which functions as
a kind of logistical store.
The
interpretation as a do it yourself manual could refer for example to the way of
producing tools out of very scarce material.
In this research paper,
however, I will make use of another way of interpreting Defoe’s Robinson
Crusoe, namely to regard the novel as a religious allegory,
i.e.
I
will examine the novel from the religious perspective.
I
will present the development out the importance of religion for Robinson Crusoe
after his conversion. In each case
demonstrated by suitable exemplary passages. Therefore, after beginning with an
investigation of Crusoe’s character and his relation to religion before he
arrives on the island I will turn to Crusoe’s time on the island which includes
his conversion. In the whole novel the topic of providence emerges various times.
I will point to this topic exemplary at suitable passages within this research
paper. Finally, I will point out a connection between the novel Robinson Crusoe
and the life and religion of Daniel Defoe. Therefore I will list some of the
most important facts and events in
the life of Daniel Defoe and present his personal religious opinion; in this
connection the Puritanism plays an important role. Afterwards I will
demonstrate which of Defoe’s religious views and opinions can be found in the
novel. Crusoe understands his plight to be of his own making; he refused to accept
God in his life, and so was punished, and yet given the opportunity again and
again to repent. Crusoe becomes devout and is able to survive and eventually
return to civilization.
The religion in Robinson Crusoe:-
Robinson
Crusoe is born as a son of a respected merchant family. He has two older
brothers; the first is killed as a lieutenant at a battle while the other one
is missed and never found again. All the more his parents want Robinson to be
well educated and to get a respectable job:
“My father,
who was very ancient, had given me a competent share of learning, as far as
House-Education, and a country free-school generally goes, and design’s me for
the law.”
However, Robinson Crusoe has other
intentions and his head is
“fill’s very
early with rambling thoughts”
“I would be
satisfied with nothing but going to sea, nay the commands of my father, and all
the Entreaties and persuasions of my mother and other friends.”
However, nobody in Crusoe’s
surroundings shows understanding for his intentions; above all, his father ones
not agree and directs his son to him to provide different arguments in order to
persuade him not to go to sea. According to his father, his current, i.e. the
middle station of life is the best one for Robinson to live in because the
middle station guarantees certain future reliability. He mentions that:
“The middle station had the fewest disasters.” And that
“They were not subjected to so many distemper and uneasiness’s
either of body or mind.”
As
those were who live in luxury on the one hand or in hard labor on the other
hand. In the following Robinson’s father increases his argumentation in that he
states he would do nearly anything to prevent Robinson from leaving home and
also points to the destiny of Robinson’s brothers to change his mind while he
is crying out of anxiety about his youngest son. Finally, he induces the
consequences of going to sea:
However,
although Robinson is affected by the discourse with his father, he does not
deviate from his intention, so,Without asking God’s blessing, or my
father’s without any consideration of circumstances or consequences, and in an
ill hour, God knows, on the first of September 1651 I went on board a ship
bound for London.”
In
retrospect, Robinson Crusoe blames himself for this decision and designates the
opposition to the advice of his father as his ‘original sin’. He goes to sea
against the will of his father and thus breaks out of the solid middle station.
According to hunter Robinson’s tendency towards restlessness leads to his
original sin and sailed mentions Robinson’s wandering inclination which is so
strong that he opposes the command of his parents to stay at home and goes to
sea even without God’s blessing. It is true that up to this point in the novel
Robinson’s relation to religion is not intense but a religious core is already
included in him otherwise he had not mentioned that he goes without
God’s blessing. Up to this passage, his own intention is just more decisive for
him that God-fearing behavior.
In all of the arguments Robinson Crusoe’s father
provides to persuade his son to stay at home, it seems that he already seems to
be aware of the following disasters which will befall Robinson. The topic of
providence emerges which maintains a key function within the story Robinson’s
father also mentioned
“That boy
might be happy if he would stay at home, but if he goes abroad he will be the
miser ablest wretch that was ever born.”
These predictions will come true in
Robinson’s future. The importance of providence in the story already gets
evident in the preface, Defoe, or rather the supposed editor, mentions:
The
story is told with modesty, with seriousness and with a religious application
of events to the uses to which men always apply them to the instruction of
others by this example, and to justify and honor the wisdom of providence in
all the variety of our circumstances , let them happen how they will.
Thus,
Defoe emphasizes that nearly every no matter how unusual event can be explained
by the wisdom of providence. Moreover, the religious topic in general is
mentioned. Already after reading the preface the reader of the novel is
prepared of the appearance of a religious motive in the story.
Religious
According to J.P.Hunter,
Robinson is not a hero but an every man. He begins as a wanderer, aimless on a
sea he does not understand and ends as a pilgrim, crossing a final mountain to
enter the Promised Land. The book tells the story of how Robinson becomes
closer to god, not through listening to sermons in a church but through
spending time alone among nature with only a Bible to read.
Along with the theme of Christianity
and empire, Robinson Crusoe also reveals a theme of Religion and self-
discovery.
The
entire tale can be read as illustrating Crusoe’s negotiation with religion and
faith. If is on the island that Crusoe rediscovers faith. He opens the Bible at
random and this is what he first reads.
‘Call on me in the day of trouble and
I will deliver, and thou salt glorify me.’
Crusoe
believes:
‘The words were very apt to my case.’
He believes how has constantly
‘Delivered him’ and then realizes:
But I had not glorified him.’
Crusoe Says:
Had that providence, which so happily
had seated me at the basil, as a planter, blessed me with confined desires…I
could have been… one of the most considerable planters in the Brasil. In this,
argues Rogers, the ‘Original sin’ is
actually a condition of capitalist expansion where the individual businessman takes
the initiative to explore new avenues, creates new settlements to exploit and
makes profits. His ‘mere wandering inclination’, as Crusoe himself calls it ,
is the enterprising spirit of the colonist , which, he thinks, is punished by
providence.
But
when he returns to civilization and has another after of a voyage, he takes it
up again. Crusoe justifies this tendency to wander in religious terms:
‘It would be a kind of resisting providence’
To not take on another journey. The restlessness of spirit is
his downfall.
To evaluate my assignment click here
To evaluate my assignment click here
Hamlet Psychological Approach..
Name: Vala Asha Tidabhai.
Roll No: 41
Semester : 1
Paper no: 1 Renaissance Literature
Topic: Hamlet psychological Approach.
Email id: valaasha10@gmail.com
Submitted by: Smt. S.B. Gardi. Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji
Bhavnagar University,
Department of English.
1)Hamlet Psychological Approach.
*Introduction
:-
Hamlet was written by William
Shakespeare. He was born on 23rd April ,1564 at Stafford on the
bank of the river Avon. Shakespeare’s later poetical work is the songs is
original; it is almost certain that Shakespeare liker burns, used popular songs
is of many of his lyrics, most of it of the highest quality. it various from
the nonsense-verses in hamlet and king Lear to the graceful “Othello fear no
more heat of the sun” in Cymbeline ‘Hamlet’ is a great tragedy.
Psychological criticism
deals with a work of literature primarily an expression, in an indirect and
fictional form of the state of mind and the structure of personality of the
individual author. this approach emerged in the early decades of the nineteenth
century , as part of the romantic replacement of earlier mimetic and pragmatic
views by an expressive view of the nature of literature.
One of the best know
books in this mode is hamlet and Oedipus by the psychoanalyst Ernest Jones. Jones
proposes that Hamlet’s conflict is “an echo of a similar one in Shakespeare
himself” and goes on to account for the audience’s powerful and continued response to the play, over
many centuries as a result of the repressed oedipal conflict that is shared by
all men. by 1827 Thomas Carlyle could say that the usual question “with the
best of our own critics at present “is one “mainly of a psychological sort, to be
answered by discovering and delineating the peculiar nature of the poet from
the poetry.
*Hamlet: The Oedipus Complex:-
Although Freud himself
made some application of his theories to and literature , it remained for an
English disciple, the psycho analyst Ernest jones to provide the first full
scale psychoanalytic treatment of a major literary work. jone’s hamlet and
Oedipus, originally published as an essay in the American journal of psychology
an 1910,was later revised and enlarged.
Jones
bases his argument on the thesis that hamlet’s much debated delay in killing
his uncle, Claudius is to be explained
in terms of internal rather than external circumstances and that “play is mainly concerned with a hero’s
unavailing fight against what can only be called a disordered mind.” Jones
points out that no really satisfying argument has ever been substantiated for
the idea that hamlet revenges his father’s murder as quickly as practicable Shakespeare
makes Claudius’s quilt as well as hamlet’s duty perfectly clear from the outset
if we are to trust the words of the ghost and the gloomy insights of the hero
himself. the fact is however , that hamlet does not fulfill this duty until
absolutely force to do so by physical circumstances and even then only after gratitude ,his mother , is dead
,Jones also elucidates the strong misogyny that hamlet displays though tout the
play , especially as it is directed against Ophelia , and his almost physical
revolution to sex .all of this adds up to a classic example of the
neurotically repressed Oedipus complex.
his
view of Claudius ,on the other hand , represents hamlets represents hostility
towards his father as a rival for his mother ‘s affection . this new
king-father is the symbolic perpetrator of the very deeds towards which the son
is impelled by his own unconscious motives;murder of his father and incest with
his mother . hamlet because to do so he must in a psychological sense , kill
himself . his delay and frustration in trying to fulfill the ghost’s demand for
vengeance may therefore be explained by the fact that , as Jones puts it, the “thought
of incest and parricide combines is too intolerable to be borne . one part of
him tries to carry out the task , the
other flinches inexorably from the thought of it.
Norman N, Holland neatly summed up the reasons
both for hamlet’s delay and also for our three hundred year in comprehending
hamlet’s true motives;
Now what do critics mean when they say that
hamlet cannot act because of his Oedipus complex ? the argument is very simple
, very elegant , one people over the centuries have been unable to say why
hamlet delays in killing the men who
murdered his father and married his mother. two every Child wants to do just
exactly that.three hamlet delays because he cannot punish Claudius for doing
what he himself wished to do as a child
and unconsciously steel wishes to do he would be punishing him self four the
fact this wish is unconscious explains why people could not explain hamlets
delay.
curiously Freud points to the fact of
historical difference in comparing Oedipus and hamlet even while he collapse them together as much the
same character having roots in the same soil.
*hamlet :-
Any discussion of hamlet
should acknowledge the enormous body of
excellence commentary that sees the play as valuable primary for its moral
and philosophical insight little more can be
done here than to summarize the most famous of such interpretation. some
explain hamlet has as an idea list temperamentally unsuited to life in a world
people by fallible creatures.
Through there are in hamlet more direct
utterances of the poets in most spiritual life than in thoroughly disengaging
his hero’s figure ,and making it an independent entity in the course of the
drama , a rift seems to open between the shall of the actions and its kernel.
But
Shakespeare , with his consummate instinct , managed to find an advantage precisely in this discrepancy
, and to turn it to account his hamlet believes in the ghost and ___ doubts .
he accepts the summons to the dead of vengeance and delays. Much of the
originality of the figure, and of the drama
as a whole , springs almost inevitably from this discrepancy between the
mediaeval character of the fable and its renaissance hero , who is so deep and
many sided that he has almost a modern air.
The
figure of hamlet, as it at last shaped itself in Shakespeare’s imagination and
came to life in his drama , is one of the very few immortal figures of art and
poetry , which , like Cervantes ‘ don Quixote , exactly its contemporary , and
Goethe’s Faust of two centuries later, present to generation after generation
problems to brood over and enigmas to solve . if we compare the two great
figures of Hamlet
(1604) and Don Quixote(1605) ,we find two.
Shakespeare at first conceived hamlet as a
youth . in the probably nineteen . it accords with this age that he should be a
students at Written berg; young men at that time began and ended their university
course much earlier than in our days . it accords with this age that his mother
should address him as “boy” and that the word
“young” should be continually prefixed to his name , not merely to
distinguish him from his father . the
king , too, in the early edition currently , addresses him as “son hamlet” and
finally his mother is still young enough to arouse or at least to unable
Claudius to pretend the passion which has such terrible results, hamlet’s
speech to his mother…..
“ at your young
age The hey-day of the blood is tale ,it’s humble and waits upon the
judgement,”
Does not occur in the 1603 edition in the order
edition , in the older edition, the first gravedigger says that the skull of
the jester yo rick has lain a dozen years in the earth ; in the edition of 1604
this is changed to twenty three years . here , too it is explicable indicated
that hamlet , who as a child knew yo rick , is not thirty years old ; for the
gravedigger first states that he took to his trade on the very day on which
prince ‘hamlet’ was born , and a little
later adds : I have been sexton here , man boy , thirty years . it accords with
this that the player king now mentions thirty years as the time that has elapsed
since his marriage with the queen , and that Ophelia speaks of hamlet as the
“unmatched form of blown youth.” The process of thought in Shakespeare’s mind
is evident . he admired his great father , honored his beautiful mother ,
passionately loved the charming Ophelia , thought nobly of human kind , and
especially of woman . if his mother has been able to forgot his father and
marry this man, what is woman worth ? and what is life worth ?
Hence his words to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern ; “ I have of late but
where fore I know not-lost all my mirth” hamlet’s faith and trust in human kind
are shattered before the ghost appears to him, from the moment when his
father’s spirit communicates to him a far more appalling facts of the situation ,his whole inner man is in wild
revolt his doubt as to the trust worthiness of the ghost leads to the
performance of the play within the play , which proves the kings guilt . his
feeling of his own unfitness for his
task leads to continued procrastination.
“ his
name “ says victor Hugo , “ is as the name on a woodcut of Albert Durers.; melancholia the bat flits over hamlet’s head
; at his feet sits knowledge , with globe and compass, and love , with an
hour-glass ; while behind him, on the horizon , rests a giant sun , which only
serves to make the sky about him darker
. “but from another point of view , hamlet’s nature is that of the hurricanes a
thing of wrath and fury, and tempestuous scorn, whole world clean.
*Conclusion :-
Tragedy indeed does not make us choose
between an emotional and visceral and an awareness of difference . instead , it
deepens our understanding of the past and of our lives .
Hamlet’s fulfills the technical requirements of the revenge play as well
as the silent requirements of a
classical tragedy ; that is ; it shows a person of heroic proportion going
down to defeat under circumstance too powerful for him to cope with but this
will not keep them from recognizing the play as one of the most searching
artistic treatments of the problems and conflict that from so large a part of
the human condition.
To evaluate my assignment click here
To evaluate my assignment click here
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)